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Practical notes on LLMs, agents, MCP, Claude Code, skills, token economics, and modern AI engineering.
AI Systems

What Makes an AI Skill Different from a Prompt?

A prompt and a skill can contain the same words. The difference is the machinery around them: a skill is a file the model loads on its own when your request matches its one-line description, and it can declare inputs, tools, and a scope it won't cross. Here's how that loading works and why it lets you build things a prompt can't.

AI Systems

Why AI Agents Fail in Production

Why AI agents fail: most failures trace to governance gaps (phase gates, state handoffs, capability boundaries) more than to the model itself, and the two need completely different fixes. How to tell them apart.

AI Systems

Token 是什麼？LLM 為何只讀 Token？

Token 是什麼？LLM 為何不直接處理完整字詞：解析字級、字元級、子詞級三種 tokenization 方法，包含 BPE 示範程式碼，以及 token 數量對計費和上下文長度的影響。

LLM

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Agent

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AI Systems

What Makes an AI Skill Different from a Prompt?

A prompt and a skill can contain the same words. The difference is the machinery around them: a skill is a file the model loads on its own when your request matches its one-line description, and it can declare inputs, tools, and a scope it won't cross. Here's how that loading works and why it lets you build things a prompt can't.

AI Systems看中文版

What Are GPT-5.6's Sol, Terra, and Luna?

OpenAI shipped GPT-5.6 as Sol, Terra, and Luna on July 9, 2026, and quietly ended the dedicated Codex checkpoint. What replaced it is a reasoning-effort dial whose top notch spawns subagents. This post lays out the three models, the six effort levels, and what the independent benchmarks measured.

AI SystemsRead in English

GPT-5.6 的 Sol、Terra、Luna 是什麼

GPT-5.6 在 2026 年 7 月 9 日全面上線，分成 Sol、Terra、Luna 三階，而這一代的 Codex 沒有專用模型。專用 checkpoint 換成一格叫 ultra 的 reasoning effort，官方說它會叫 subagent 出來把大任務拆開做。這篇整理三顆模型怎麼分、六段 reasoning effort 是什麼，以及幾份獨立評測量到的數字。

Claude Code

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AI SystemsRead in English

AI 寫 code 為什麼又搬回終端機了

這兩年 AI 寫 code 的重心，悄悄從嵌在 IDE 裡的補全，搬回了終端機（Claude Code、Codex CLI 那一類）。我覺得這不是復古，是因為 agent 變成一個「你不盯著看的 process」，而終端機本來就是為這種東西設計的。

AI Systems看中文版

Why coding agents are moving back to the terminal

The coding agents developers reach for now — Claude Code, Codex CLI, Aider — are terminal programs, not IDE plugins. An IDE is built around a human at the keyboard, the terminal around processes you don't babysit. When AI coding became a job instead of a keystroke, it moved home.

Agentic OS

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Governance

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AI Systems看中文版

What Are GPT-5.6's Sol, Terra, and Luna?

OpenAI shipped GPT-5.6 as Sol, Terra, and Luna on July 9, 2026, and quietly ended the dedicated Codex checkpoint. What replaced it is a reasoning-effort dial whose top notch spawns subagents. This post lays out the three models, the six effort levels, and what the independent benchmarks measured.

AI SystemsRead in English

GPT-5.6 的 Sol、Terra、Luna 是什麼

GPT-5.6 在 2026 年 7 月 9 日全面上線，分成 Sol、Terra、Luna 三階，而這一代的 Codex 沒有專用模型。專用 checkpoint 換成一格叫 ultra 的 reasoning effort，官方說它會叫 subagent 出來把大任務拆開做。這篇整理三顆模型怎麼分、六段 reasoning effort 是什麼，以及幾份獨立評測量到的數字。

Architecture

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AI Systems

What Makes an AI Skill Different from a Prompt?

A prompt and a skill can contain the same words. The difference is the machinery around them: a skill is a file the model loads on its own when your request matches its one-line description, and it can declare inputs, tools, and a scope it won't cross. Here's how that loading works and why it lets you build things a prompt can't.

AI SystemsRead in English

AI 寫 code 為什麼又搬回終端機了

這兩年 AI 寫 code 的重心，悄悄從嵌在 IDE 裡的補全，搬回了終端機（Claude Code、Codex CLI 那一類）。我覺得這不是復古，是因為 agent 變成一個「你不盯著看的 process」，而終端機本來就是為這種東西設計的。

AI Systems看中文版

Why coding agents are moving back to the terminal

The coding agents developers reach for now — Claude Code, Codex CLI, Aider — are terminal programs, not IDE plugins. An IDE is built around a human at the keyboard, the terminal around processes you don't babysit. When AI coding became a job instead of a keystroke, it moved home.

Prompt Engineering

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AI Systems

What Makes an AI Skill Different from a Prompt?

A prompt and a skill can contain the same words. The difference is the machinery around them: a skill is a file the model loads on its own when your request matches its one-line description, and it can declare inputs, tools, and a scope it won't cross. Here's how that loading works and why it lets you build things a prompt can't.

Token Economics

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AI Systems

The Same GLM 5.2 Has Different Prices Across Providers

GLM 5.2 shipped with open weights under an MIT license, which generally permits third parties to host and commercialize inference. As of writing, OpenRouter lists twenty-five providers offering it, at input prices from $0.93 to $3.00 per million tokens.

AI Systems看中文版

What Are GPT-5.6's Sol, Terra, and Luna?

OpenAI shipped GPT-5.6 as Sol, Terra, and Luna on July 9, 2026, and quietly ended the dedicated Codex checkpoint. What replaced it is a reasoning-effort dial whose top notch spawns subagents. This post lays out the three models, the six effort levels, and what the independent benchmarks measured.

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